ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective The establishment of reference values for a subset of leukocytes is common in clinical practice, and ethnic variations are strongly associated with disease development. In Brazil, indigenous people are vulnerable to infections, and few studies have described the health and disease conditions of this population. This study aimed to provide reference values for immunological cell subsets in indigenous Brazilians living in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Methods Flow cytometry and 4-color combinations of monoclonal antibodies were used to characterize cells. A total of 115 healthy adults, mostly females (72%), were included in the study. The results are presented as mean and median (2.5%-97.5% percentiles) for T and B lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, Natural Killer cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells, providing an average immunological profile for the population in question. Results The relative medians of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in women than in men in a healthy indigenous population. Conclusion To our knowledge, cell reference data from indigenous Brazilians are unknown in the literature. The immune cell results presented in this pioneering study will contribute to the clinical and laboratory evaluation of the Brazilian indigenous population, especially given the important differences when compared with other Brazilian ethnic groups.
ABSTRACT
As cepas e clones do Trypanosoma cruzi apresentam diferentes aspectos de resistência e susceptibilidade aos quimioterápicos. Vários estudos vem sendo desenvolvidos para avaliar a resposta de diversas drogas em diferentes cepas protótipos dos Biodemas tipos I, II e III, de acordo com a caracterização biológica. Resultados vêm demonstrando que cepas protótipos do Biodema Tipo I (cepas Y e Perunana) apresentam uma alta susceptibilidade ao tratamento com Benzonidazol e Nifurtimox; cepas do Biodema Tipo II (protótipo: cepa 21SF) demonstram média susceptibilidade; as cepas do Biodema Tipo III (cepa Colombiana) são altamente resistentes. Considerando que as cepas do T.cruzi são populações multiclonais complexas, que diferem nas suas características genéticas e biológicas, clones de duas cepas do T.cruzi foram avaliadas com o objetivo de investigar se o uso da quimioterapia antiT.cruzi poderia estar levando à seleção de clones resistentes que poderão ou não diferir nos seus caracteres biológicos e moleculares. No presente trabalho investigamos os caracteres biológicas e moleculares de clones da cepa Colombiana (Biodema Tipo III) e 21SF (Biodema Tipo II) do T. cruzi, isolados de animais tratados e não curados em comparação com clones isolados de animais não tratados, com o intuito de investigar se estes clones resistentes à quimioterapia apresentavam diferenças em suas características que pudessem estar justificando tal resistência. Para isto, 18 clones foram isolados de camundongos infectados da cepa Colombiana e 8 clones foram isolados de camundongos infectados com a cepa 21SF. Os resultados mostraram que as características biológicas dos clones isolados da cepa Colombiana foram mantidas; clones da cepa 21SF mostraram diferentes níveis de parasitemia quando comparados com a cepa parental. As características moleculares foram avaliadas a partir dos fragmentos do k-DNA de cada clone isolado, que foram submetidos à técnica de RFLP, utilizando as enzimas de restrição RSA I, HINF I e ECO RI. A análise dos fragmentos de restrição das cepas parentais e dos respectivos clones demonstrou grande similaridade entres os mesmos. A possibilidade de investigar a estrutura molecular utilizando outras técnicas moleculares, poderá contribuir para demonstrar diferenças na resistência dos clones isolados de animais tratados e não não curados, como visto na discussão
Different strains and clones of Trypanosoma cruzi present differents degrees of susceptibility to treatment with chemotherapic drugs. Several studies have been developed to evaluate the response to different drugs concerning the strains prototypes of the Biodemes Types I, II and III according to the biological characterization. Results have shown that the strains prototypes of the Biodeme Type I (Y and Peruvian strains) disclosed a high susceptibility to treatment with Benznidazole and Nifurtimox; strains of the Biodeme Type II (prototype: the 21SF strain) showed a medium susceptibility; the strains of the Biodeme Type III (Colombian strain) were highly resistant. However a variability was detected according to the phase of infection in which the clones were isolated, and varied from 0% to 23,5% for the clones isolated in an early phase and 0% to 16.0% for those isolated in a late phase of infection. This indicates that the clonal populations could differently respond in different phases of treatment. In the present study we investigated the biological and molecular characters of clones of the 21SF strain (Biodeme Type II ) and of the Colombian strain (Biodeme Type III) isolated from mice treated with Benznidazole, but not cured , in comparison with clones isolated from untreated mice, with the objective of to investigate possible differences in the biological and molecular characteristics of these resistant clones. For that 18 clones were isolated from mice infected with the Colombian strain and 08 clones isolated from those infected with the 21SF strain. Results have shown that the biological characteristics were maintained in the Colombian strain; clones of the 21SF strain showed different levels of parasitemia as compared with the parental strain. This behavior is peculiar to clones isolated from the 21SF as shown in previous studies with clones isolated from untreated mice. The molecular characteristics were evaluated through the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the k DNA for each isolate clone, using restriction enzymes RSA I, HINF I and ECO RI...